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The Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast Special Protection Area (SPA), located in north-east England, encompasses a diverse mosaic of coastal and estuarine habitats. Despite historic land loss due to industrial reclamation during the 19th and early 20th centuries, substantial areas of intertidal sand and mudflat, saltmarsh, freshwater grazing marsh, saline lagoon, sand dune, shingle, rocky shore, and shallow coastal waters remain. These habitats support a range of nationally and internationally important bird species. Originally classified in 1995 for its European importance in supporting breeding little tern, passage Sandwich tern, wintering red knot, and passage common redshank as well as an assemblage of over 20,000 waterbirds. The SPA was updated in 2000 and extended again in January 2020. The most recent extension added breeding avocet, breeding common tern, and non-breeding ruff as protected features, along with additional areas of coastal and wetland habitat, the River Tees channel, and the shallow waters of Tees Bay. The estuary's intertidal mudflats are critical feeding grounds for SPA bird species, particularly waders. Seal Sands is the largest area of intertidal mudflat on
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